Economía I
4 de marzo de 2026
Mankiw (1998) identifica siete principios de la economía:
“Las personas enfrentan disyuntivas.”
Otra disyuntiva muy importante que enfrenta la sociedad es entre la eficiencia y la equidad.
“El costo de algo es lo que se renuncia para obtenerlo.”
Suponga que usted ganó una entrada gratis para la avant premiere de “Piratas del Caribe 5” (no tiene valor de reventa). Además, el mismo día y en el mismo horario hay un recital de Metallica, que es su mejor alternativa. La entrada para Metallica cuesta \(\$40\). En cualquier día dado, usted estaría dispuesto a pagar hasta \(\$50\) por una entrada para Metallica. Suponga que no hay otros costos además de estos. Basado en esta información, ¿Cuál es el costo de oportunidad de ir a la avant premiere de Piratas del Caribe?
- \(\$0\)
- \(\$10\)
- \(\$40\)
- \(\$50\)
- Ninguna de las anteriores
“Los individuos racionales piensan en términos marginales.”
Adam Smith y Platón, entre otros pensadores, formulan la siguiente paradoja:
¿Por qué el agua, que es esencial para la vida, tiene un precio tan bajo, mientras que los diamantes, que no son esenciales, tienen un precio tan alto?
“Las personas responden a incentivos.”
“El comercio puede mejorar el bienestar de todos.”
Paul Samuelson (1969) was once challenged by the mathematician Stanislaw Ulam to “name me one proposition in all of the social sciences which is both true and non-trivial.” It was several years later than he thought of the correct response: comparative advantage. “That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that is is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the doctrine for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them.”
“Los mercados normalmente son una buena forma de organizar la actividad económica.”
It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizens…. Every individual… neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it…. He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. (Smith [1776] 2008)
“El gobierno puede mejorar a veces el resultado del mercado”
“Trips across the Holland Tunnel, connecting Manhattan to New Jersey, took about 4½ minutes, a 65% drop in travel time during the morning rush compared with January 2024, according to the MTA. Trips across the Lincoln Tunnel took about four minutes, a 39% reduction.” (Avila 2025)
Mankiw (1998) identifica tres principios adicionales, que no son tan relevantes para la materia pero no dejan de ser útiles:
Si les interesa, pueden ver el capítulo 1 del libro.
Vimos siete principios de la economía: